How to Use French Double Negatives

How to Use French Double Negatives Grammarians insist that two negatives make a positive. While this may be true in English, in French two negatives usually make a stronger negative. Double negation is very common in French, particularly informal French. However, there are some rules and regulations when using double negatives in French. Double Negation With N e... Pas When ne... pas is used in a double negative with rien, it negates rien so that the meaning is not nothing:Ce nest pas rien.Its not nothing Its something.Ne... pas cannot be used with aucun, jamais, or personne.Wrong: Je nai pas aucun ami.Right: Je nai aucun ami.I have no friends.Wrong: Je ne veux pas jamais grandir.Right: Je ne veux jamais grandir.I never want to grow up.Wrong: Je nai pas vu personne.Right: Je nai vu personne.I didnt see anyone. Double Negation With​ ​Ne... Jamais and Ne... Plus Jamais and plus can be used with one another and with the negative words aucun, personne, and rien.On ne voit jamais aucune perfection.One never sees any perfection.Literally, One never sees no perfection.Je nai jamais blessà © personne.I have never hurt anyone.Literally, I have never hurt no one.Je nai jamais rien volà ©.I have never stolen anything.Literally, I have never stolen nothing.Je nai plus aucun argent.I dont have any money any more.Literally, I dont have no money any more.Je ne peux plus jamais lui parler.I can never talk to him again.Literally, I cant never talk to him again.Je ne vois plus personne.I dont see anyone any more.Literally, I dont see no one any more. Ne... Pas Que Ne... pas que is a special case. The negative adverb ne... que means only, so ne... pas que means not only:Il ny avait que des hommes.There were only men. vs.Il ny avait pas que des hommes.There werent only men.Je ne regrette quune chose.I regret only one thing. vs.Je ne regrette pas quune chose.I dont regret only one thing.

Five ways tools can help you tackle Twitter - Emphasis

Five ways tools can help you tackle Twitter Five ways tools can help you tackle Twitter The basic Twitter.com platform is surprisingly inflexible. For example, it doesnt allow you to schedule tweets for later, monitor how many people have clicked on your links, combine multiple accounts or view more than one stream of information at a time. So most people who embrace Twitter use a variety of tools and apps to improve their experience. 1. Dashboard Two of the most popular dashboards are Tweetdeck (which started out as a separate entity but was bought by Twitter in May 2011) and Hootsuite. Both are free and let you view several streams simultaneously (for example your own tweets, replies to your tweets, direct messages or your timeline) in adjacent columns. Theyre also good for managing multiple Twitter accounts at the same time, and scheduling tweets. The main difference is that Tweetdeck is a desktop app so its not ideal if you hotdesk or work from several locations, while Hootsuite is browser based and therefore more portable. 2. Scheduled tweets Buffer offers even easier tweet scheduling, where instead of programming in a time and date for each tweet, you simply set a pattern. For example, you could program it to send two tweets a day, at 12.30pm and 3.30pm, Monday to Friday. Then you just fill up the dashboard with your tweets and drag and drop them into the order you want. It also tracks the performance of tweets sent through Buffer, letting you know how many clicks, retweets, replies and favourites they received, as well as their potential reach. 3. Collaborative tweeting If youre setting up a Twitter account that several people will contribute to, GroupTweet is well worth a look. It allows multiple users to post tweets to one account, either through the GroupTweet dashboard, or via their personal account using the relevant @ address or hashtag. The basic version is free, but if you want to be able to moderate and schedule tweets, youll need to upgrade at a cost of $4.99 a month. 4. Collating tweets On Twitter.com, your tweets dont stay around for long. If you need to retrieve something that you tweeted, or was tweeted to you, more than a couple of weeks back, youll be lucky if you can still find it. Searching in Google can help, but it depends how far back you want to go. Rather than digging around to try and find important tweets after the fact, favourite them at the time. Or if youre having a discussion and you want to save all of it, use Storify. Its great for saving brainstorming sessions for later heres one of mine discussing the differences between lunch, tea and dinner (a brainstorm of such epic dimensions that I still havent written the article I intended to). 5. Performance analysis It can be tempting to try to measure your Twitter performance, but proceed with caution. Basically, youre already doing it right if people are talking to you, RTing you or opening your links, and if your number of followers is growing. However, if you do want a little feedback, there are services available. Just remember to take what they say with a pinch of salt, and not get too caught up in the idea of performance after all, its about communication and relationships, not numbers. One interesting service is Crowdbooster, which shows you which of your tweets have been most popular and how many people they have potentially reached (it calls these impressions). It also reminds you about tweets you havent yet replied to, offers you the opportunity to schedule tweets for later and even advises you about what it thinks is the best time of day to tweet to your followers. If you just want to use it with one Twitter account, its free. To add more, youll have to pay ($39 a month for ten accounts, $99 a month for 30 accounts). A more controversial service is Klout, which scores your social influence between 1 and 100 based on data such as follower and following numbers, retweets and interactions. Its accuracy, however, is debatable. For example, it thinks I am influential not just about Brighton (fair enough, I live there) but Afghanistan and the Chicago Bears (neither of which I recall ever tweeting about). Over to you What tools do you use and recommend, and why? Well be writing more about Twitter in the new year, so wed love to hear your tips. You can either comment below or tweet us on @EmphasisWriting. Want more guidance on how to write for Twitter? See our Four tips for effective tweeting.

LT1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LT1 - Essay Example Those species who exhibit nature friendly characters and inherit from one generation to another generation would be successfully accepted by the nature. Hence he emphasizes the necessity of maintaining the environmental ethics in the process of modern development. Some environmental theories deliberated the importance of ecology, suitable acquired characters, quantum theory, and big-bang cosmology. Law of acquired characters as proposed by Lamarck explains the importance of possessing some desirable characters which would help the organisms to survive well with the changes in the nature or environment. In the present day context, the environmental ethics have to be made compulsory for implementation especially in developed nations or northern countries. Some theories suggest that higher coordination is called for between the developed and developing nations as the major forest area is present in developing countries where as higher capital bearing ability is the strength of developed nations. At the same time, the environmental ethical theories must strike a balance between the concepts of anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism. Over a period of time, the inclination of human beings towards handling the environment witnessed a tremendous change. As the technological advances resulted in higher mechanization and industrialization, the environmental safety has been severely neglected. In other words, the human ethics towards environment have undergone a significant variation in the last two centuries. Let us compare and contrast the varying ethics of human beings with a single perspective like forest conservation. In the ancient period, the human beings maintained very strong environmental ethics as they lived closely with the nature and they even worshipped Gods representing nature. They maintained strong affinity with other animals and plants. However, with the invention of

Midterm Policy Paper 8 pages double spaced Essay

Midterm Policy Paper 8 pages double spaced - Essay Example In 1789 the War Department was formed, which centuries later would come to be recognized as the Department of Defense. The Coast Guard which is a section of the Homeland security was later on to be established a year after the establishment of the war Department. In 1947, a decision was undertaken with the sole aim of unifying the various Departments under one roof. This decision led to the formation of the National Military Establishment in the same year. The National Military Establishment replaced the existing War Department at the time, as the war department was transformed to the Department of the Army. In this same year, there was an establishment of the U.S Air Force as it was followed by the creation of the Department of Air Force. Finally, with the senate’s approval and confirmation the existing three military branches of the army that included; the Air Force, the Army and the Navy were delegated under one person, the secretary of Defense who had direct control over t hem. In 1949, there was an amendment undertaken upon the National Security act that advanced one-step ahead by consolidating the national defense structure in a way that the cabinet-level status possessed by the three service secretaries was withdrawn from them. Later on the name National Military Establishment was to be converted and renamed as Department of Defense (U.S. ... This department is said to have evolved with the country as its roots can be traced back in pre-revolutionary times. In modern times, the Department of Defense is headed by Roberts Gates the secretary of Defense. In addition to this, the Department of Defense boosts over 1.4 million work forces under active duty. This department has earned the title of being the largest employer in America. The headquarters of the Department of Defense is based in Pentagon building (U.S. Department of Defense Para 2, 3, & 4). The major mission of the Department of Defense is to ensure that there is provision of military forces required for the sole purpose of deterring a war and above all to offers protection to the security of America. The Department also offers crucial and timely information on matters pertaining to defense policies operations, functions and organizations. Robert Gates History Dr. Robert M. Gates history within the American government circles is vast as the current government is ei ghth in number among the numerous governments he has served. Dr. Gates was sworn in as the 22nd Secretary of Defense in 18th of December 2006. His continued stay in office has earned him a record as the only secretary of Defense in American history to remain in office upon the prerogative of the newly elected president. Before his appointment in his present post, Dr. Gates was the president of the nation’s seventh largest University, the Texas A&M University. Before assuming his role as the president of the Texas A&M University on August 1st 2002, Dr. Gates was an interim Dean of the George Bush School of Government and Public Service from 1999 to 2001 in Texas A&M. Dr. Gates involvement with the Central Intelligence

Tesco: Management in Malaysia

Tesco: Management in Malaysia Tesco is the third largest grocery retailer in the world after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. It is headquartered in Cheshunt, United Kingdom. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen from a market stall in Londons East End in 1919. (Tesco PLC About us Our history) The name of Tesco came from the initials of T.E Stockwell, who as a partner in the firm of tea suppliers, and CO from Jacks surname in the year 1924. Under the leading of Jack, its business has grown over the years and now operates in 14 countries around the world, employ over 500,000 people and serve tens of millions of customers every week. Tesco operate in Malaysia by having alliance with local enterprise group, Sime Darby, who hold a 30% shares in the business. Since Tesco opened its first store in Malaysia in May 2002, Tesco has opened 46 stores across Peninsular Malaysia. Tesco has a strong track record of supporting local small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) and small traders. In 2007, Tesco Malaysia offers a special ClubCard which is the Green ClubCard Points for business customers to specially meet the needs of local operators. To help small retailers develop and compete, Tesco also support them by offering technical advice, training and support, as well as preferential access to the Tesco supply chain and reduced rates to Tesco malls. (Tesco PLC About us Our businesses) Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives. It is also often called the primary management function because it establishes the basis for all the other things managers do. Managers should be able to plan and be aware of the environmental conditions that the organization facing and forecast future conditions. Strategic planning This is the highest position in the company example board of directors. It involves SWOT analyses in determining how to position the organization to compete effectively in their environment. Tescos strategic planning is based on the organizations mission, which is its fundamental reason for existence. Managers of Tesco require information from both internal and external sources. Survey and interview carried out by the managers are crucial in order to understand well about the companys direction. Tescos strategy is to make their shopping trip as easy as possible for their customers. Besides that, the management of Tesco is constantly seeking for ways to reduce the price in attention to attract more customers. They utilize shopper insight to deliver ease of shop at anywhere around the world. Tactical planning It is the planning that is designed to develop relatively concrete and specific mean to implement the strategic plan. It is the middle level of managements. Tescos tactical planning includes qualitative and internal sources of information. Besides, routine information is also needed in the tactical planning. Managers in Tesco should have the ability to develop contingency plans to make sure category growth is within the expected parameters. Creation and execution of annual category plan to identify gaps and opportunities for retailer to exploit is also fundamental for Tescos management. Operational planning It support the operational managers by keeping track of elementary organization activities and transactions. Systems answer routine questions and track the flow of transactions through the organization such as: systems to record bank deposits or track the number of hours worked each day. Operational planning is the lowest level of management in an organization. Daily, frequent and regular information are needed in order to perform any task. Tescos operational managers usually use internal sources of information to carry out tasks. Besides, qualitative information is also essential in the operational planning. By going through the quantified analysis, managers in Tesco are able to create retailer specific promotional programs. Workforce planning It is the process of analyzing an organizations future needs for people in terms of numbers, skills and locations. Workforce planning in Tesco allows the organization to plan how those needs can be met through recruitment and training. As a Workforce Planning Manager, he or she should be able to provide accurate call forecasts, shrinkage patterns and productivity reports to maximize Contact Centre activity. Monitor ongoing service level performance, escalating quickly to identify and manage emerging service issues are part of the managers responsibilities. Tesco is growing, therefore it needs to recruit on regular basis for both the food and non-food based of the business. Hence, workforce planning is vital for the company in order to expand its business. Customer planning Customer planning manager in Tesco will have to drive category growth make use of this household brand and retailer brand portfolios through a combination of research, merchandising, planning and working with category development and buying contacts within accounts. Creation of branded and own brand solutions is needed to support the category growth within the retailer. Besides, Tescos manager is playing an important role in manage and support retailer category reviews. They have to drive category benefit in order to achieve the objectives of the company. Leading Leading in an organization is directing the work activities of others. Leadership in Tesco is about influencing, motivating and inspiring people. People at each levels in Tesco organization, from administrators and customer assistants to directors have their own responsibilities and timescales. Each people will face different types of decisions.This influences the most appropriate leadership styles for a specific work and for a given project. Tesco managers have responsibilities for front of house (customer-facing) staff as well as behind the scenes employees, such as office staff. Before making a decision, the manager will consider the task in hand, the people involved and those who will be affected (such as customers). Various internal and external factors may also affect the choice of leadership style used. Internal factors include the levels of skill that employees have. Large teams may have members with varying levels of skill. This may require the manager to adopt a more direct ive style, providing clear communication so that everyone knows what to do to achieve goals and tasks. On the other hand, team leaders may take a more consultative approach with other managers of equal standing in order to get their co-operation for a project. External factors may arise when dealing with customers. Qualities of leaders in Tesco According to Tesco Management a leader needs to exhibit certain qualities in order to effectively exercise their leadership functions. These are: Group Influence a leader must generate willingness to achieve desired goal or objective. Command a leader must decide upon a course of action as quickly as the situation demands and to carry through with a firmness and strength of purpose. Coolness a leader must remain composed under testing or trying conditions. Judgment to produce effective results, a leader must possess the ability to arrange available resources and information in a systematic and commonsense way. Responsibility a leader must demonstrate sustained effort combined with a degree of dependability in order to complete a task or achieve an objective (Kermally 2005). Management styles and leadership used in Tesco Tescos tend to use autocratic leadership style. Autocratic leadership style is characterized by decision making fully by the manager. This is because the company needs to and the tasks need to be done quickly or else they would not be done. For example, a task that is set for a shelf filter to put the milk out but has not been told to put the milk out because the management is still deciding who is going to put what out, so the milk still will be in the storage and the customers cannot buy it. To run the Tesco sufficiently, the management uses autocratic leadership style. Besides that, Tesco also uses management by objective. They use this because the management states to each employee in their decision analysis what their objectives are for a certain period. Also each manager is set objectives by their line manager for their team. For example, the sales team objective that has been set is to increase the amount of customers rising Tesco by 25%. This is how Tesco is structured and managed. Organization Organizational is a deliberate arrangement of people brought together to accomplish some specific purpose. Management is the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, with and through other people (Stephen P.R,DavidA. DeCenzo, Mary. C, p. 26 -27). Managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organizations goals. Tesco divides its employees into departments in order to achieve a better performance, effective and efficiency. The functional departments inside the Tesco are as below. Administration: It is to create an ordered way of working which enables the business to function smoothly. It provides the proper controls and methods of supporting the people within the organization. The admin managers would make an ideal administration system to have proper procedures for controlling and monitoring work. Hence, there would have to be a high level of supervision and well-motivated staff. Administration system is a very important department as well as they are the backbone of the organization, and without them the business  would not be organized enough to reach their objectives. Distribution: It helps Tesco to maintain the most competitive prices and improve customer service and always striving to make life better for customers, simpler for staff and cheaper for Tesco. The distribution managers are responsible to develop, promote and sell central distribution services to Tesco suppliers. They also work closely with Tesco Distribution Centers and suppliers in ensuring agreeable distribution service level and cost. This program offers a wealth of opportunity and provides customers with a chance to make big changes in how they operate. Finance: The management is responsible for the transactions of Tesco. This team provides management information to measure and monitor the business, either in the form of corporate steering wheel, five-year plans, operating budgets, forecasts or weekly/monthly financial results. The finance managers should be able to set budgets and forecasting resources needed and drive action plan to achieve the budget. They have to ensure financial reports are created, updated and distributed to the management team on timely basis. Human Resource: Nowadays, human resource developing is a key activity in today organization. (Beardwell, I., Holden, L. Clayton, T 2004:266) The organization is training and development of employees, communication and consultation, and rewards and benefits linked to achieving steering-wheel targets. This way is used to measure the performance management (Anonymous, 2003). The Human Resource Managers are responsible to make a complete and feasible human resource management plan by using different strategies to manage those employees. They also ensure to across the business have world-class skills and tools to meet the needs of people and ultimately Tescos customers. ICT: ICT works to improve communications between business areas to improve stock availability and streamline processes. Every aspect of their operation such as stock, distribution, payroll, communication methods are controlled by ICT. ICT managers have to ensure that customers experiences the checkout process which mean the system and processes at the tills need to be simple and smart. They also have to get new ideas like Self Scanning Checkout which the customers love. Therefore, ICT is truly a business partner which integral to all business operations. Marketing: It consists of a number of areas including local and stores marketing, price and promotions and brand marketing. It works closely with the Customer Research and Analysis team to understand the customers and their trends. The marketing managers are responsible for seeing that basket size regularly increased, that the journey for customers is simple and effective, as well as planning for the future. All in all, marketing acts as the voice of customers which means they not only communicate with customers through eye-catching advertising campaigns, but influence the rest of Tesco to meet customer needs. Customer Service: The aim is to try harder for Tesco customers than anyone else and to treat them as they would like to be treated. Thus, Tesco Customer Service Centres is set up as a place that serves up excellent customer service. Customer Service managers would be responsible to ensure the customer service options are managed effectively. They also manage a competent after sales service, extended warranty and credit service for customers. Now, they are making customers experience with them which is where Every little Helps comes from, as its something they strive to every day. Research and Development: It is focus on delivering major improvements to Tescos Store Ordering and Supply Chain systems to deliver better product availability, reduce stock holding and lower waste. This department covers four major areas of the business such as Sales Forecasting and Ordering, Depot Ordering, Optimization and Simplification and Business Insight. The project managers are able to lead multiple high-profile projects and deliver major improvements across the supply chain through redesigning systems and processes. In a nutshell, much of work relies on their ability to combine in depth analysis with practical recommendations and the perseverance to get ideas implemented. Controlling Control is the management function that involves monitoring activities to be secured that being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviation. Control is important in any management this is the only way that managers know whether organizational goals are being met. If managers did not control, they have no way of knowing whether their goals and plans were being achieved and what future actions to take. Control is sales department Tesco management experiences the improvement of sales over sometimes. Tesco management make sure their employees understand all the sales products, this is to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the organization and the management increasing sales can be trough special offers to customers, in addition to make customers to buy more and increase their products. Control of quality of products Tesco management make sure all the products are very good quality and the management make sure all the products are used from their community trade. In addition the management provided a good quality of products and met the needs of customers. Control and monitor resources Taking appropriate care from variation resources are very vital for Tesco management, it will help to save them in financial issues. Tesco management make sure all the equipment regular check and replace them as soon they are damaged and update latest software this to make sure their employees feel happy and make ease in their job. There is critical need to service the customers around clock. Tesco as a global retail business that span many time zones, the management gave flexible working option to some employees this can improve morale and help retain people within business and promote diversity as a key improving performance. Tesco management provided professional and skills training through programs technical skills development. Tesco has long-term established policy on promoting an equal opportunities and diversity across the global business. The most important things leading to the success of Tesco There are four most important things that leading to the success of Tesco. Firstly, Tesco is giving great value for their customers. They never ever compromise on their customer services. They are having a motive that customers are always first and right. Tesco train their employees in such a way that they give the best services to the customers. They also have good behavior with their customers. This is one of the important things that are leading to the success. Secondly, Tescos giving importance to their employees. They are giving good facilities and best services to their employees. The management make the strategies in such a way that employee feel like their job is secure and enjoy their work. The employees also have given the discount cards. Tesco gives friendly environment in the working place to their staff. They give good rate and respect compare to the other big organizations. Thirdly, the Tesco give main focus to control the cost and price of the products. To attract the customers and to be successful organization, they give the customers low prices of products and offer them high quality products. Although Tesco always negotiate their prices as compared to the general market, the main products of the Tesco are their own. So there are different cost centers in Tesco like labor cost, product cost, direct cost, indirect cost, maintenance cost and delivery cost. Lastly, Tesco have new technologies to manage their business. Every year they are changing the strategies and operations. The whole business is computerized with new and advanced technologies. They handle their stock, cash, inventory and staff wages and account of the company. They also introduced their CCTV cam recording for the customers and staff safety, this is to prevent stealing. Major challenges facing by Tesco over the next five years Tescos major challenge is to overturn failure to become a player in the US market. Tescos target is to break record in the US market by 2013. To achieve the goal, Tesco have to look for developing markets such as Asian country where there is a large proportion of the population is underserved by quality supermarkets. Apart from that, lack of consumers confidence towards the products is also one of the major challenges. To survive the plunge, Tesco should start diversifying operations and to invest more on Tesco bank, insurance and mobile communication portfolio. Moreover, Tesco is also facing another challenge in technological advancement. Software have to be kept updated all the time in order to make ease to their employees. Tesco should design an application or website to create convenience for the customers to look for sales and to check for points accumulate. In order to make their brand product as a strong brand is also part of the major challenges. The product made by Tesco must be in good quality and innovative. However, to maintain and improve the freshness of the product is also accounted in the challenges. Critical review Tesco sells daily necessary things such as food, nonfood, electronic, house equipment and others items. Tesco sells more than 23,000 items. Tesco have been critiqued good and bad review from customers, employees and managers. The practices that Tesco using for maintain their sells are PESTLE analysis. Political Factors Tesco operates around the globe. Tesco performance is highly influenced by political and conditions of these countries (ivory research ltd, 2005). Tesco provided mix of job opportunities from flexible, such as lower-paid and locally based jobs and highly-skilled, higher-paid (Balchin, 1994). For example, without the flexible system, their financial will be affected due to the difficulties in finding employees with highly-skilled but lower-paid. The flexible system can insure people factors work with them without compromised with their objectives. This will make the employees can improve their skilled and loyalty with their companies. Recommendations: provide more motivation and training Economic factors Economic is one of the concern to Tesco, they are likely influence demand, costs, prices, and profits (Ivory research ltd, 2005). With highly unemployment, which the decreases the effective demand required to produce such a good products. For example, if someone is to demand with his work this will affected his job performance. Due to working in large scale and few employees. This mean the management need to hire a unemployment, this can make the jobs more easy and the demand can be negotiate. Recommendation: offering a jobs and benefits to the employees, find a good suppliers with good production and loyalty, give opportunities to their employees to improve their performance. Social factors This has a significant influence in business managed the organization is made up of people. The fact that it determines the people environment of business. For example; without social with people Tesco will not know what the customers needed and wanted. Social communication need to build up among them and customers. Recommendation; need to change the communication skills to all employees, make them be professional in their tasks. Technology factors Nowadays, technology is helping us with everything. Tesco make sure all the electronics and software are up to date with technology update. This will provide good environment for both customers and Tesco employees. This will give better benefits service, and more personalized and shop with more convenient. For example; nowadays smartphone have taken our lifestyle, so everyone needs to be in hurry and fast. Now various type of application has been invented and software also has been updated. With the smartphone we can easily access to buy our items or groceries at the tip of fingers. Tesco has made application for that Clicks Bricks Recommendation; always make sure the equipment is on the maintained, always update the software, update with the customers. Conclusion It is not a coincidence for Tesco to last and even become one of the top grocery retailer until today, but it is needed to thank to the management system in Tesco. Although there is a geographically diversify due to decentralized basis, the management systems in different countries are still more or less the same. Tesco has a pretty complete organization by having different department to smoothen operation of daily routine, every single employee knows about their specific duty and could perform it well. While a comprehensive planning by the manager is essential to acquire the maximum output from the employees, manager also playing a vital role in leading the employees to approach the objective in a more effective and efficient way. The controlling of employee by managers also make sure that thing wont go wrong and even it does, rectify can be done spontaneously to prevent unwanted loss. Upon doing this assignment, we learned that management principle is not only related to business and commercial activities only, but, its also applicable in our daily life. For example, the autocratic leadership style that is being practicing by Tesco, although it seem that that is a lot of restriction under the autocratic system, yet, the applying of this system can ease us in doing our task that is being assigned. We can reduce the time on figuring new way and method to solve it but just simply follow the conventional procedure. This can help us to save time and at the same time ensure the quality of our work.

The controversy and the future of Common Agricultural Policy of European Union

Agriculture is a problematic area in every developed country. Free market economy that allows direct competition of agricultural products can often cause a surplus or shortage of certain products, and quality changes. In order to ensure reliable supply of food member states of the European Union decided to cooperate and transferred the authority over agriculture policy to European level. Common Agricultural Policy was set in 1961 and its aims were to improve production and solve existing problems in agriculture all over EU member states. The previous successes of cooperation with coal and steel, and the fact that most states had difficulties to produce certain goods logically led to deeper cooperation in agriculture, and to CAP. Today, â€Å"CAP is regarded as the most developed of the European Union's policies and covers almost 90% of all agricultural products† (reader). But, also it is regarded as the most controversial and has been responsible for some negative consequences on the industry, and it had to go under many reforms. This essay will explain why CAP has been both celebrated and criticized. Also, it will include the challenges that will be put in front of it by the future enlargement of European Union. At the time CAP was made, national agricultures had all common problems. Although the different level of development, and different level on dependence on this industry between member states of EC, there were some immense troubles to be solved by Cap: deficits of certain goods, inefficient production practices, poorness of people employed in agriculture, rapidly dynamic prices, substantial variations in quality of products etc. The goals of policy defined in Maastricht Treaty, article 39: â€Å"(a) to increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress and by ensuring the rational development of agricultural production and the optimum utilization of the factors of production, in particular labor; (b) thus to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, in particular by increasing the individual earnings of persons engaged in agriculture; (c) to stabilize markets; (d) to assure the availability of supplies; (e) to ensure that supplies reach the consumers at reasonable prices.† (TEU) Since its foundation CAP has improved the agriculture of Europe in a great sense, but critics would say that costs of the successes are considerably high for all. Some of the goals were fulfilled with little negative consequences, while others were solved with controversial methods that became a huge burden for the budget and had many counter-effects. The changes in Europe's agricultural structure and productivity since 1961 caused by CAP were enormous. Thanks to the investment in technology, there was a growth in productivity of farms, decrease in people employed in agriculture, rapid urbanization and therefore prosperity in other sectors of economy. Statistics show that â€Å"the workforce employed in agriculture declined from 11.3% in 1973 to 9.4% in 1980 and only 5.7% in the whole of the EU in 1992.† (Hitiris, 190) Productivity growth was rapid, and we can say that the aim of CAP to restructure the farming to make it more efficient is being fulfilled. The growth of the efficiency of the labor can be noticed on the fact that: † In 1960 over 15 million people in the original six had worked on the land. In the mid-1970s the agricultural population of the enlarged EC was only 14 million, falling to 10 million by the mid-1980s† (Urwin, 187) Second goal of CAP is a social mission: to help the quality of life of the people in agriculture. This went little against the economic productivity and caused many negative consequences on it, especially by huge costs. The interventions that were made were not only subsidizing the farmers, that is a huge burden for EU budget but artificial manipulations with prices and setting of standards. These two were criticized by many liberal economists as standardization brought prices up, and artificial price setting caused surpluses and deficits.

What You Dont Know About Research Paper Writing Service

What You Don't Know About Research Paper Writing Service Stay calm now, because you found the ideal service for global students around the world. The majority of the times it is found either the students don't acquire excellent grades or the quality is so low they don't surpass the standards specified by the teacher. In the new academic decades, it's been found that numerous students elect for research paper help from professional services. Many students are worried about the affordability of the charges provided by online writing companies. If you're puzzling who will be able to help you with the assignment at the lowest price as you're a student and may be pressed for money, you're at the appropriate place as we offer cheap customized writings. So, you may rest assured your term paper service is going to be delivered by means of a pro. Anyway, you'll certainly like our price policy. When you buy research papers for sale on the internet, you should work with the writer for a team to acquire an ideal result. The Fundamentals of Research Paper Writing Service Revealed Therefore, you won't need to wait until the entire paper is written to look at its quality. In a brief while, you will find a professionally written research paper. Every paper needs clear paragraphing to appear nice and credible. The entire paper is going to be based on it. Organize your paper according to an outline if you would like to obtain a great grade. Since you might have guessed, you can't submit our examples as your own paper, as it is going to be considered plagiarism. Paper was and still is extremely crucial in today's world in lots of ways. You're able to purchase research paper when you need and wherever you're. As a way to request precisely the same writer who did the totally free research paper you liked, and give him your assignment to finish, you may visit our enormous database that has the profiles for each freelance writer with whom we cooperate. Perhaps the handiest means of communicating with the writers is by way of the live chat. If you order from us, you can find a draft of your paper to make certain your writer is heading in the proper direction. The time of writing for every specific author can differ. For the matter, you may use the New Order option that will enable you to receive in contact with the writers who show interest in your paper, and decent comprehension of your instructions and requirements. If you're using writing services online for the very first time and not certain how it works, you may always contact our support agent who will aid you through all the stages starting with the purchase placement right until the last paper is delivered to you. Our custom essays might help you comprehend the peculiarities of a thriving essay, which means you experience a chance to use such help further for achieving the greatest grades without hesitation. Moreover, composing an essay is a far greater device of learning compared to reading as an example, because of the simple fact that in case you have the capacity to cover precisely what you have actually discovered and checked out, it indicates you have recognized the material perfectly. Try to remember that the primary goal of the research paper is to demonstrate your abilities to work on your own and demonstrate the scope of your knowledge o n several different topics. On top of that, it is simple to start and we can help you receive the content you require for a wide range of subjects and topics. For this reason, you'll have an opportunity to perform good research and share your point of view on the subject. It's straightforward to order from our site, with just a few steps separating you from a magnificent research paper. You will have the ability to choose the academic requirement of the essay we create for you to be sure you know your customized essay will satisfy the mandatory assessment standards. Firstly, you'll have to come across general info to back up your thesis statement, then you'll need to dig deeper. Hence, ultimately, the essay is not only going to be honed to perfection in conditions of language but also customized to each applicant. After submitting the form it's possible to sit tight and watch for your customized research essay! Writing research papers are sometimes a tiresome procedure, equally, if you believe that time is running out, or that completing the job in time is not something which you're sure that you can do, then it may also be a rather stressful and nerve-racking experience. The perfect way to achieve a high credit history is to pay your accounts on time. The paper needs to be consistent from the start to the very end. The majority of the moment, the expression p aper is employed in grading students which means that whatever grade you will score on it'll greatly influence your general grade at the close of the semester.